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Jenis-Jenis Tulisan yang Kamu Harus Tahu

<span data-sheets-value="{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Memahami bagaimana bentuk dan pola dasar dari sebuah esai&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">Memahami bagaimana bentuk dan pola dasar dari sebuah esai

01 Common Text Outlines

Basic Structure of an Essay

To emphasize and convince the reader that the writer&rsquo;s opinion stated in ___ is true, the writer must give a detailed explanation in the ____ paragraph and restate the opinion in the ____.

Basic Structure of Essay

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Cara Nyari Topik Paragraf dan Gagasan Pokok

<span data-sheets-value="{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Memahami bagaimana menentukan ide pokok dan kalimat utama dari sebuah teks atau esai&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">Memahami bagaimana menentukan ide pokok dan kalimat utama dari sebuah teks atau esai

Membaca Cepat dan Memahami Ide Pokok Paragraf

Ribuan pegawai pabrik perakit iPhone, Wistron di India melakukan aksi mogok kerja yang berujung kerusuhan di area pabrik. Para buruh tersebut mempertanyakan gaji mereka yang tak kunjung dibayar oleh perusahaan. Aksi kerusuhan ini terjadi pada Sabtu (12/12/2020) di pabrik perakitan iPhone, Wistron yang berlokasi di Bangalore, India.
Sumber:&nbsp;kompas.com
Ide pokok dari paragraf di atas adalah ... karena kalimat utamanya berada di ....

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Kalimat Utama Selalu di Awal Paragraf, Ga, Sih?

Not since Americans crossed the continent in covered wagons have they exercised and dieted as strenuously as they are doing today. Consequently, they do not only look younger and slimmer, but feel better. Because of increased physical fitness, life expectancy in the nation has risen to seventy-three years, with fewer people suffering from heart disease, the nation&rsquo;s number one killer.
[source: Peterson&rsquo;s TOEFL]
Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 2 (No 02)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Good ideas often start with a really silly question. Bill Bowerman was making breakfast one day. As he stood there making waffle for his son, he wondered what would happen if he poured rubber into his waffle iron. So, he tried it and the result looked something like the bottom of most sport shoes we see today. Still, when he took this idea to several existing shoe companies he was literally laughed at. In fact, every single company turned him down. Though rather disappointed, Bowerman was determined and went on to form his own company, making Nike athletic shoes.
Source: SPMB
&nbsp;
Text only, choose one of the options below randomly.

Passage 3 (No 03)

Good ideas often start with a really silly question. Bill Bowerman was making breakfast one day. As he stood there making waffle for his son, he wondered what would happen if he poured rubber into his waffle iron. So, he tried it and the result looked something like the bottom of most sport shoes we see today. Still, when he took this idea to several existing shoe companies he was literally laughed at. In fact, every single company turned him down. Though rather disappointed, Bowerman was determined and went on to form his own company, making Nike athletic shoes.
It can be concluded from the text that &hellip;.

No 03

<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>About a billion years after the earth had formed, the first signs of life appeared. Three billion years elapsed before creatures became complex enough to leave fossils their descendants could recognize and learn from. These were shelled creatures called trilobites, followed by jawless fish, the first vertebrates. During the Devonian period, great upheavals occured in the earth&rsquo;s crust, resulting in the formation of mountains and in the ebb and flow of oceans. In the aftermath, beds of mud rich in organic matter nourished vegetation, and insects, scorpions, and spiders appeared. Next developed the amphibians, descendants of fish that had crawled out of fresh water.
<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>Between 225 and 65 million years ago, reptiles developed from which many new forms grew until finally evolved the mammal. Dinosaurs were overgrown reptiles. Although some were as small as chickens, others grew to be the largest animals on Earth, as long as 82 feet and as heavy as 50 tons, with long necks and a liking for a vegetarian diet. Current theory suggests that dinosaurs were warm-blooded and behaved more like mammals than like reptiles.
<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>The end of the Mesozoic Era (middle life) saw the inexplicable demise of dinosaurs and large swimming and flying birds. Geological changes were converting the giant land mass into separate continents. The beginning of a new era, called Cenozoic (recent life), saw the marked predominance of mammals that would ultimately become man&rsquo;s ancestors.
Source: Peterson&rsquo;s TOEFL
&nbsp;
Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 4 (No 04)

About a billion years after the earth had formed, the first signs of life appeared. Three billion years elapsed before creatures became complex enough to leave fossils their descendants could recognize and learn from. These were shelled creatures called trilobites, followed by jawless fish, the first vertebrates. During the Devonian period, great upheavals occured in the earth&rsquo;s crust, resulting in the formation of mountains and in the ebb and flow of oceans. In the aftermath, beds of mud rich in organic matter nourished vegetation, and insects, scorpions, and spiders appeared. Next developed the amphibians, descendants of fish that had crawled out of fresh water.
Between 225 and 65 million years ago, reptiles developed from which many new forms grew until finally evolved the mammal. Dinosaurs were overgrown reptiles. Although some were as small as chickens, others grew to be the largest animals on Earth, as long as 82 feet and as heavy as 50 tons, with long necks and a liking for a vegetarian diet. Current theory suggests that dinosaurs were warm-blooded and behaved more like mammals than like reptiles.
The end of the Mesozoic Era (middle life) saw the inexplicable demise of dinosaurs and large swimming and flying birds. Geological changes were converting the giant land mass into separate continents. The beginning of a new era, called Cenozoic (recent life), saw the marked predominance of mammals that would ultimately become man&rsquo;s ancestors.
What would be a good title for this reading?

No 04

<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The first people we know created plays were the Ancient Greeks, about the year 500 B.C. They divided plays into two kinds: tragedy and comedy. This division is still used today. The best known Ancient Greek writers of plays are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes. Some of their plays survived, and are still performed today. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>These ancient Greek plays were performed outdoors in large amphitheatres, so that many people could see them. There were contests among the playwrights (people who write plays are called playwrights) and the winner would get a prize. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The Greeks were full of brilliant ideas. They used mechanical devices like trap doors and the machina: a crane for winching gods on and off the stage. They had a Greek chorus that offered information to help the audience follow the performance. The chorus comments on themes, and shows how an audience might react to the drama. The players wore masks. Illustrations on vases show helmet-like masks, covering the entire face and head, with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth, plus a wig. The mask was to &lsquo;melt&rsquo; into the face and allow the actor to vanish into the role. Therefore, onlookers did not think about the actor, but thought about the character.
Source: simple.wikipedia.org
Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 5 (No 05)

<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>When your parents were growing up, learning to write in cursive was almost as common as learning to read or add. But in recent years, many schools have stopped teaching this flowing form of handwriting, also known as script. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Some people think that writing in cursive is outdated and that learning to type is a more important skill. They argue that most people now spend more time communicating by texting and emailing than they do writing by hand. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>But not everyone wants to write off cursive. This fall for the first time in about 15 years, students at Green Primary School in Uniontown, Ohio, will be taught to write in cursive. Some schools in Tennessee and&nbsp; Missouri are also bringing cursive back. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Studies have shown that learning to write in script may improve critical-thinking skills and coordination. Kimberly Brueck is an administrator at Green Primary School. She says her school has another important reason for bringing cursive-writing lessons back into classrooms. &ldquo;Children need to know how to sign their names!&rdquo; she says.
Source: sni.scholastic.com
Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 6 (No 06-07)

When your parents were growing up, learning to write in cursive was almost as common as learning to read or add. But in recent years, many schools have stopped teaching this flowing form of handwriting, also known as script.
Some people think that writing in cursive is outdated and that learning to type is a more important skill. They argue that most people now spend more time communicating by texting and emailing than they do writing by hand.
But not everyone wants to write off cursive. This fall for the first time in about 15 years, students at Green Primary School in Uniontown, Ohio, will be taught to write in cursive. Some schools in Tennessee and&nbsp; Missouri are also bringing cursive back.
Studies have shown that learning to write in script may improve critical-thinking skills and coordination. Kimberly Brueck is an administrator at Green Primary School. She says her school has another important reason for bringing cursive-writing lessons back into classrooms. &ldquo;Children need to know how to sign their names!&rdquo; she says.
Source:&nbsp;sni.scholastic.com
The main idea of the second paragraph is &hellip;.

No 07

<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>An investigation into how owls fly and hunt in silence has enabled researchers to develop a prototype coating for wind turbine blades that could significantly reduce the amount of noise they make. Early tests of the material, which mimics the intricate structure of an owl's wing, have demonstrated that it could significantly reduce the amount of noise produced by wind turbines and other types of fan blades, such as those in computers or planes. Since wind turbines are heavily braked in order to minimise noise, the addition of this new surface would mean that they could be run at much higher speeds-producing more energy while making less noise. For an average-sized wind farm, this could mean several additional megawatts worth of electricity.
Source: cam.ac.uk
&nbsp;
Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 7 (No 08)

An investigation into how owls fly and hunt in silence has enabled researchers to develop a prototype coating for wind turbine blades that could significantly reduce the amount of noise they make. Early tests of the material, which mimics the intricate structure of an owl's wing, have demonstrated that it could significantly reduce the amount of noise produced by wind turbines and other types of fan blades, such as those in computers or planes. Since wind turbines are heavily braked in order to minimise noise, the addition of this new surface would mean that they could be run at much higher speeds-producing more energy while making less noise. For an average-sized wind farm, this could mean several additional megawatts worth of electricity.
Source:&nbsp;cam.ac.uk
&nbsp;
The text tells us about &hellip;.

No 08

<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The morning on August 14th 2015, the silence in Nagasaki was broken only by a tolling bell. The Japanese city has marked 70 years since the dropping of the last atomic bomb on a civilian target in the closing days of World War II. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The memorial ceremony held at the Nagasaki Peace Park took place right under where the bomb exploded at 11:02 on August 9TH of 1945. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said he was renewing his vows to push more nuclear disarmament. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>&ldquo;As the world&rsquo;s only country to have&nbsp; experienced an atomic bomb during a war and in adherence to our three non-nuclear principles, I have renewed our vows to lead the world in the effort towards nuclear disarmament in order to achieve a world without nuclear weapons.&rdquo; <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The US dropped atomic bomb nicknamed &ldquo;Fat Man&rdquo; on Nagasaki three days after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. More than 150,000 died in the attack and from the subsequent radiation sickness. Japan surrendered six days later, ending World War II.
Source: newsinlevels.com
Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 8 (No 09)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;The morning on August 14th&nbsp;2015, the silence in Nagasaki was broken only by a tolling bell. The Japanese city has marked 70 years since the dropping of the last atomic bomb on a civilian target in the closing days of World War II.
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The memorial ceremony held at the Nagasaki Peace Park took place right under where the bomb exploded at 11:02 on August 9TH of 1945. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said he was renewing his vows to push more nuclear disarmament.
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &ldquo;As the world&rsquo;s only country to have&nbsp; experienced an atomic bomb during a war and in adherence to our three non-nuclear principles, I have renewed our vows to lead the world in the effort towards nuclear disarmament in order to achieve a world without nuclear weapons.&rdquo;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The US dropped atomic bomb nicknamed &ldquo;Fat Man&rdquo; on Nagasaki three days after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. More than 150,000 died in the attack and from the subsequent radiation sickness. Japan surrendered six days later, ending World War II.
Source:&nbsp;newsinlevels.com
Which is the most suitable title for the passage?

No 09

<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Birds soon might not be the only ones tweeting in our national parks. Before long, Wi-Fi service may be available in some parks for the first time. Having Wi-Fi would enable park visitors to use their smartphones to connect to the Internet or to text or call their friends. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Cell service is extremely limited in many parks, according to the National Park Service. Someone who takes a selfie in a park often has to leave the park before sharing it with friends on sites like Twitter or Instagram. People in favor of adding Wi-Fi say it will help attract younger people to the parks. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>But some people are concerned that&nbsp; having Wi-Fi will distract visitors from the natural beauty of the parks. David Smith is the superintendent of Joshua Tree National Park in California. He thinks national parks should add Wi-Fi only to some areas, like the visitor centers. He wants visitors to be able to enjoy the scenery without hearing cell phones ringing. &ldquo;One of the neatest things about visiting a park is the chance to get away from a lot of the distractions that interfere in our normal lives,&rdquo; he says.
Source: sni.scholastic.com
&nbsp;
Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 9 (No 10-11)

Birds soon might not be the only ones tweeting in our national parks. Before long, Wi-Fi service may be available in some parks for the first time. Having Wi-Fi would enable park visitors to use their smartphones to connect to the Internet or to text or call their friends.
Cell service is extremely limited in many parks, according to the National Park Service. Someone who takes a selfie in a park often has to leave the park before sharing it with friends on sites like Twitter or Instagram. People in favor of adding Wi-Fi say it will help attract younger people to the parks.
But some people are concerned that&nbsp; having Wi-Fi will distract visitors from the natural beauty of the parks. David Smith is the superintendent of Joshua Tree National Park in California. He thinks national parks should add Wi-Fi only to some areas, like the visitor centers. He wants visitors to be able to enjoy the scenery without hearing cell phones ringing. &ldquo;One of the neatest things about visiting a park is the chance to get away from a lot of the distractions that interfere in our normal lives,&rdquo; he says.
Source:&nbsp;sni.scholastic.com
The text tells us about &hellip;.

No 10

<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Ebola virus is a very dangerous virus. It causes a hemorrhagic fever called Ebola virus disease. &ldquo;Hemorrhagic&rdquo; means that the victim will bleed a lot, inside and outside their body. Out of every 10 people who get Ebola, on average five to nine die. There are four kinds of Ebola virus that can cause the disease. The virus was first found in Sudan. It is found in Africa, with very few cases in Europe and the United States. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The Ebola virus that makes people sick lives in the blood and other liquids and wet things in some kinds of non-human animals without killing them. Scientists think the animals it lives in are mainly some kinds of monkeys or fruit bats. When people touch animals that have the virus, or wet things that came out of those animals, they can get sick. Ebola cannot be caught through the air, or by being near sick people. The virus can only go from liquids into people&rsquo;s bodies. This means Ebola can be caught by touching a sick person&rsquo;s blood, saliva, mucus, semen, diarrhea, vomit, or other fluids that come out of a sick person&rsquo;s body. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>When people get Ebola the first symptoms look like some other diseases. People get a fever and feel very tired. Their head, stomach, joints, and throat might hurt. Sometimes, people think they have other diseases like malaria or typhoid fever. Later, people get much sicker. They bleed both inside and outside their bodies. They have blood in their diarrhea and vomit. They bleed from their noses, mouths, and genitals. They got low blood pressure, fast pulse, and low blood circulation to the body. Their organs might stop working. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>There is no cure for Ebola, but if people get care quickly from doctors and nurses at a hospital, more of them live. People with Ebola need a lot of fluids to replace fluids lost from diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding. The most important care is giving them water with a very small amount of salt and sugar in it. This is called oral rehydration. It helps to replace their fluids and blood. It is also important to give medicines in case they get bad blood pressure and blood circulation.
Source:simple.wikipedia.org
&nbsp;
Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 10 (No 12-13)

Ebola virus is a very dangerous virus. It causes a&nbsp;hemorrhagic&nbsp;fever called Ebola virus disease. &ldquo;Hemorrhagic&rdquo; means that the victim will bleed a lot, inside and outside their body. Out of every 10 people who get Ebola, on average five to nine die. There are four kinds of Ebola virus that can cause the disease. The virus was first found in Sudan. It is found in Africa, with very few cases in Europe and the United States. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The Ebola virus that makes people sick lives in the blood and other liquids and wet things in some kinds of non-human animals without killing them. Scientists think the animals it lives in are mainly some kinds of monkeys or fruit bats. When people touch animals that have the virus, or wet things that came out of those animals, they can get sick. Ebola cannot be caught through the air, or by being near sick people. The virus can only go from liquids into people&rsquo;s bodies. This means Ebola can be caught by touching a sick person&rsquo;s blood, saliva, mucus, semen, diarrhea, vomit, or other fluids that come out of a sick person&rsquo;s body. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>When people get Ebola the first symptoms look like some other diseases. People get a fever and feel very tired. Their head, stomach, joints, and throat might hurt. Sometimes, people think they have other diseases like malaria or typhoid fever. Later, people get much sicker. They bleed both inside and outside their bodies. They have blood in their diarrhea and vomit. They bleed from their noses, mouths, and genitals. They got low blood pressure, fast pulse, and low blood circulation to the body. Their organs might stop working. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>There is no cure for Ebola, but if people get care quickly from doctors and nurses at a hospital, more of them live. People with Ebola need a lot of fluids to replace fluids lost from diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding. The most important care is giving them water with a very small amount of salt and sugar in it. This is called oral rehydration. It helps to replace their fluids and blood. It is also important to give medicines in case they get bad blood pressure and blood circulation.
Source:simple.wikipedia.org
What is the best title for the passage?

No 12

Ebola virus is a very dangerous virus. It causes a&nbsp;hemorrhagic&nbsp;fever called Ebola virus disease. &ldquo;Hemorrhagic&rdquo; means that the victim will bleed a lot, inside and outside their body. Out of every 10 people who get Ebola, on average five to nine die. There are four kinds of Ebola virus that can cause the disease. The virus was first found in Sudan. It is found in Africa, with very few cases in Europe and the United States. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The Ebola virus that makes people sick lives in the blood and other liquids and wet things in some kinds of non-human animals without killing them. Scientists think the animals it lives in are mainly some kinds of monkeys or fruit bats. When people touch animals that have the virus, or wet things that came out of those animals, they can get sick. Ebola cannot be caught through the air, or by being near sick people. The virus can only go from liquids into people&rsquo;s bodies. This means Ebola can be caught by touching a sick person&rsquo;s blood, saliva, mucus, semen, diarrhea, vomit, or other fluids that come out of a sick person&rsquo;s body. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>When people get Ebola the first symptoms look like some other diseases. People get a fever and feel very tired. Their head, stomach, joints, and throat might hurt. Sometimes, people think they have other diseases like malaria or typhoid fever. Later, people get much sicker. They bleed both inside and outside their bodies. They have blood in their diarrhea and vomit. They bleed from their noses, mouths, and genitals. They got low blood pressure, fast pulse, and low blood circulation to the body. Their organs might stop working. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>There is no cure for Ebola, but if people get care quickly from doctors and nurses at a hospital, more of them live. People with Ebola need a lot of fluids to replace fluids lost from diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding. The most important care is giving them water with a very small amount of salt and sugar in it. This is called oral rehydration. It helps to replace their fluids and blood. It is also important to give medicines in case they get bad blood pressure and blood circulation.
Source:simple.wikipedia.org
What is the topic of paragraph 1?

No 13

<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Caffeine is in coffee, tea and other products people consume every day, so why is powdered caffeine dangerous? <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>On Tuesday (Sept. 1), the Food and Drug Administration announced that it had issued warning letters to five companies that sell powdered caffeine, saying that their products pose a "significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury to consumers.&rdquo; <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Powdered caffeine products are much more potent than caffeine-containing beverages like coffee, and they're dangerous because it is easy for people to consume a lethal amount of powdered caffeine, the FDA said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Just 1 teaspoon of the caffeine powder contains about the same amount of caffeine as 28 cups of regular coffee, the FDA said. In fact, 2 teaspoons of powdered caffeine would kill most adults, according to the Centers for Science in the Public Interest. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>"Powdered caffeine is very concentrated," said Henry Spiller, director of Central Ohio Poison Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital. Most people are so comfortable with the effects of caffeinated beverages like coffee and soda that they don't realize that the amount they ingest is just milligrams, Spiller said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The amount of caffeine in a teaspoon can vary in different powdered caffeine products, the FDA noted. A teaspoon of some powdered products can have about 5 grams of caffeine, by comparison, a cup of coffee has about 65 to 100 milligrams of caffeine, Spiller said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>At that level, 1 teaspoon of the powder contains as much caffeine as 50 to 75 cups of coffee. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>"This is enormous. This is an overdose," Spiller told Live Science. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Another problem with the powdered products is that consumers usually don't have the tools to measure a safe dose. The recommended serving size of powdered caffeine is just 50 milligrams to 200 milligrams-or about one-sixteenth of a teaspoon. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>To measure out 50 milligrams of powder using a quarter-teaspoon measuring spoon, a consumer needs to fill just 6 percent of the spoon, which "cannot be accurately measured," the FDA said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>"The difference between a safe amount and a toxic dose of caffeine in these pure powdered products is very small," the agency said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>What's more, the smallest packages of powdered caffeine sold by some of the companies contain 100 grams of product, which is 2,000 recommended servings. And some companies sell powdered caffeine in packages of 25 kilograms, which contain up to 500,000 recommended servings. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>High doses of caffeine can cause serious side effects, including increased blood pressure, a rapid or dangerously erratic heartbeat, seizures and even death, the FDA said. Two young adults-an 18-year-old in Ohio and a 24-year-old in Georgia-died in 2014 from accidental overdoses of powdered caffeine. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Although it's possible to overdose on caffeine by drinking upward of 50 cups of coffee, most people would probably stop before this point because they would be experiencing uncomfortable effects, like nausea or vomiting and a rapid heart rate, Spiller said. The danger with powdered caffeine is that you take this dose of caffeine all at once, he said.
Source: livescience.com
&nbsp;
Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 11 (No 14)

Caffeine is in coffee, tea and other products people consume every day, so why is powdered caffeine dangerous? <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>On Tuesday (Sept. 1), the Food and Drug Administration announced that it had issued warning letters to five companies that sell powdered caffeine, saying that their products pose a "significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury to consumers.&rdquo; <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Powdered caffeine products are much more potent than caffeine-containing beverages like coffee, and they're dangerous because it is easy for people to consume a lethal amount of powdered caffeine, the FDA said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Just 1 teaspoon of the caffeine powder contains about the same amount of caffeine as 28 cups of regular coffee, the FDA said. In fact, 2 teaspoons of powdered caffeine would kill most adults, according to the Centers for Science in the Public Interest. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>"Powdered caffeine is very concentrated," said Henry Spiller, director of Central Ohio Poison Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital. Most people are so comfortable with the effects of caffeinated beverages like coffee and soda that they don't realize that the amount they ingest is just milligrams, Spiller said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>The amount of caffeine in a teaspoon can vary in different powdered caffeine products, the FDA noted. A teaspoon of some powdered products can have about 5 grams of caffeine, by comparison, a cup of coffee has about 65 to 100 milligrams of caffeine, Spiller said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>At that level, 1 teaspoon of the powder contains as much caffeine as 50 to 75 cups of coffee. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>"This is enormous. This is an overdose," Spiller told Live Science. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Another problem with the powdered products is that consumers usually don't have the tools to measure a safe dose. The recommended serving size of powdered caffeine is just 50 milligrams to 200 milligrams-or about one-sixteenth of a teaspoon. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>To measure out 50 milligrams of powder using a quarter-teaspoon measuring spoon, a consumer needs to fill just 6 percent of the spoon, which "cannot be accurately measured," the FDA said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>"The difference between a safe amount and a toxic dose of caffeine in these pure powdered products is very small," the agency said. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>What's more, the smallest packages of powdered caffeine sold by some of the companies contain 100 grams of product, which is 2,000 recommended servings. And some companies sell powdered caffeine in packages of 25 kilograms, which contain up to 500,000 recommended servings. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>High doses of caffeine can cause serious side effects, including increased blood pressure, a rapid or dangerously erratic heartbeat, seizures and even death, the FDA said. Two young adults-an 18-year-old in Ohio and a 24-year-old in Georgia-died in 2014 from accidental overdoses of powdered caffeine. <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace 1cm">_</samp>Although it's possible to overdose on caffeine by drinking upward of 50 cups of coffee, most people would probably stop before this point because they would be experiencing uncomfortable effects, like nausea or vomiting and a rapid heart rate, Spiller said. The danger with powdered caffeine is that you take this dose of caffeine all at once, he said.
Source:&nbsp;livescience.com
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The passage mainly tells us that &hellip;.

No 14

<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>Competition played a more important role in the evolution of the dog family (wolves, foxes, and their relatives) than climate change, shows a new international study published in PNAS.
 <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>An international team including scientist from the Universities of Gothenburg (Sweden), Sao Paulo (Brazil), and Lausanne (Switzerland) analyzed over 2000 fossils and revealed that the arrival of felids-a mammal of cat family-to North America from Asia had a deadly impact on the diversity of the dog family, contributing to the extinction of as many as 40 of their species.
 <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>&ldquo;We usually expect climate changes to play an overwhelming role in the evolution of biodiversity. Instead, competition among different carnivore species proved to be even more important for canids, a mammal of dog family&rdquo; says leading author Daniele Silvestro at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg.
 <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>The dog family originated in North America about 40 million of years ago and reached a maximum diversity around 22 million of years ago, when more than 30 species inhabited the continent. Today, only 9 species of the dog family live in North America. They progressively increased in body size and specialized into becoming large predators. Some of them exceeded 30 kg and were among the largest carnivores on the North American continent. Although several large carnivores today face a higher extinction risk than smaller species, the authors of the study found no evidence of a similar pattern in ancient canid species.
 <samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>The evolutionary success of carnivorous animals is inevitably linked to their ability to obtain food. The limited amount of resources (preys) imposes strong competition among carnivores sharing the same geographic range. For instance African carnivores such as wild dogs, hyenas, lions, and other felids are constantly competing with each other for food. North American carnivores in the past might have followed similar dynamics and much of the competition is found among species of the dog family and from ancient felids and dogs. Interestingly, while felids appeared to have strongly negative impact on the survival of ancient dogs, the opposite is not true. This suggests that felids must have been more efficient predators than most of the extinct species in the dog family.
Source: sciencedaily
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Text only, choose one of the answers below randomly.

Passage 12 (No 15)

Competition played a more important role in the evolution of the dog family (wolves, foxes, and their relatives) than climate change, shows a new international study published in PNAS.
<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>An international team including scientist from the Universities of Gothenburg (Sweden), Sao Paulo (Brazil), and Lausanne (Switzerland) analyzed over 2000 fossils and revealed that the arrival of felids-a mammal of cat family-to North America from Asia had a deadly impact on the diversity of the dog family, contributing to the extinction of as many as 40 of their species.
<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>&ldquo;We usually expect climate changes to play an overwhelming role in the evolution of biodiversity. Instead, competition among different carnivore species proved to be even more important for canids, a mammal of dog family&rdquo; says leading author Daniele Silvestro at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg.
<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>The dog family originated in North America about 40 million of years ago and reached a maximum diversity around 22 million of years ago, when more than 30 species inhabited the continent. Today, only 9 species of the dog family live in North America. They progressively increased in body size and specialized into becoming large predators. Some of them exceeded 30 kg and were among the largest carnivores on the North American continent. Although several large carnivores today face a higher extinction risk than smaller species, the authors of the study found no evidence of a similar pattern in ancient canid species.
<samp class="math mceNonEditable" data-latex="\hspace{2.8452755905511813em}">_</samp>The evolutionary success of carnivorous animals is inevitably linked to their ability to obtain food. The limited amount of resources (preys) imposes strong competition among carnivores sharing the same geographic range. For instance African carnivores such as wild dogs, hyenas, lions, and other felids are constantly competing with each other for food. North American carnivores in the past might have followed similar dynamics and much of the competition is found among species of the dog family and from ancient felids and dogs. Interestingly, while felids appeared to have strongly negative impact on the survival of ancient dogs, the opposite is not true. This suggests that felids must have been more efficient predators than most of the extinct species in the dog family.
Source: sciencedaily
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The text tells us that &hellip;.

No 15